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 PMID:32743567  

Immuno-informatics approach for multi-epitope vaccine designing against SARS-CoV-2.

Souvik Banerjee | Kaustav Majumder | Gerardo Jose Gutierrez | Debkishore Gupta | Bharti Mittal
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology | 2020

The novel Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has set the fatality rates ablaze across the world. So, to combat this disease, we have designed a multi-epitope vaccine from various proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with an immuno-informatics approach, validated in silico to be stable, non-allergic and antigenic. Cytotoxic T-cell, helper T-cell, and B-cell epitopes were computationally predicted from six conserved protein sequences among four viral strains isolated across the world. The T-cell epitopes, overlapping with the B-cell epitopes, were included in the vaccine construct to assure the humoral and cell-mediated immune response. The beta-subunit of cholera toxin was added as an adjuvant at the N-terminal of the construct to increase immunogenicity. Interferon-gamma inducing epitopes were even predicted in the vaccine. Molecular docking and binding energetics studies revealed strong interactions of the vaccine with immune-stimulatory toll-like receptors (TLR) -2, 3, 4. Molecular dynamics simulation of the vaccine ensured in vivo stability in the biological system. The immune simulation of vaccine evinced elevated immune response. The efficient translation of the vaccine in an expression vector was assured utilizing in silico cloning approach. Certainly, such a vaccine construct could reliably be effective against COVID-19.

Pubmed ID: 32743567

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This is a list of tools and resources that we have found mentioned in this publication.


Clustal Omega (tool)

RRID:SCR_001591

Software package as multiple sequence alignment tool that uses seeded guide trees and HMM profile-profile techniques to generate alignments between three or more sequences. Accepts nucleic acid or protein sequences in multiple sequence formats NBRF/PIR, EMBL/UniProt, Pearson (FASTA), GDE, ALN/Clustal, GCG/MSF, RSF.

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Galaxy (tool)

RRID:SCR_006281

Open, web-based platform providing bioinformatics tools and services for data intensive genomic research. Platform may be used as a service or installed locally to perform, reproduce, and share complete analyses. Galaxy automatically tracks and manages data provenance and provides support for capturing the context and intent of computational methods. Galaxy Community has created Galaxy instances in many different forms and for many different applications including Galaxy servers, cloud services that support Galaxy instances, and virtual machines and containers that can be easily deployed for your own server.The Galaxy team is a part of BX at Penn State, and the Biology and Mathematics and Computer Science departments at Emory University.Training Infrastructure as a Service (TIaaS) is a service offered by some UseGalaxy servers to specifically support training use cases.

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PRODORIC (tool)

RRID:SCR_007074

Database about gene regulation and gene expression in prokaryotes. It includes a manually curated and unique collection of transcription factor binding sites. A variety of bioinformatics tools for the prediction, analysis and visualization of regulons and gene reglulatory networks is included. The integrated approach provides information about molecular networks in prokaryotes with focus on pathogenic organisms. In detail this concerns: * transcriptional regulation (transcription factors and their DNA binding sites * signal transduction (two-component systems, phosphylation cascades) * protein interactions (complex formation, oligomerization) * biochemical pathways (chemical reactions) * other regulation events (e.g. codon usage, etc. ...) It aims to be a resource to model protein-host interactions and to be a suitable platform to analyze high-throughput data from proteomis and transcriptomics experiments (systems biology). Currently it mainly contains detailed information about operon and promoter structures including huge collections of transcription factor binding sites. If an appropriate number of regulatory binding sites is available, a position weight matrix (PWM) and a sequence logo is provided, which can be used to predict new binding sites. This data is collected manually by screening the original scientific literature. PRODORIC also handles protein-protein interactions and signal-transduction cascades that commonly occur in form of two-component systems in prokaryotes. Furthermore it contains metabolic network data imported from the KEGG database.

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PSIPRED (tool)

RRID:SCR_010246

Web tool as secondary structure prediction method, incorporating two feed forward neural networks which perform analysis on output obtained from PSI-BLAST. Web server offering analyses of protein sequences.

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MolProbity (tool)

RRID:SCR_014226

A structure-validation web application which provides an expert-system consultation about the accuracy of a macromolecular structure model, diagnosing local problems and enabling their correction. MolProbity works best as an active validation tool (used as soon as a model is available and during each rebuild/refine loop) and when used for protein and RNA crystal structures, but it may also work well for DNA, ligands and NMR ensembles. It produces coordinates, graphics, and numerical evaluations that integrate with either manual or automated use in systems such as PHENIX, KiNG, or Coot.

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SnapGene (tool)

RRID:SCR_015052

Molecular biology software for visualizing and documenting gene constructs for InFusion cloning, Gibson assembly, restriction cloning, PCR, and mutagenesis.

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RAMPAGE (tool)

RRID:SCR_017590

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on February 23,2021.Web based structural analysis tool for any uploaded PDB file, producing Ramachandran plots, computing dihedral angles and extracting sequence from PDB. Used to visualize dihedral angles ψ against φ of amino acid residues in protein structure.

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ProtParam Tool (tool)

RRID:SCR_018087

Software tool to calculate various physicochemical parameters for given protein stored in Swiss-Prot or TrEMBL or for user entered protein sequence. Protein can either be pecified as Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL accession number or ID, or in form of raw sequence. Computed parameters include molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity.

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ClusPro (tool)

RRID:SCR_018248

Web tool for protein-protein docking. Server provides removal of unstructured protein regions, application of attraction or repulsion, accounting for pairwise distance restraints, construction of homo-multimers, consideration of small-angle X-ray scattering data, and location of heparin-binding sites. Six different energy functions can be used, depending on protein type.This protocol describes use of various options, construction of auxiliary restraints files, selection of energy parameters, and analysis of results.

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AllerTop (tool)

RRID:SCR_018496

Web server for in silico prediction of allergens. Alignment free server for in silico prediction of allergens based on main physicochemical properties of proteins. Used to predict the route of allergen exposure: food, inhalant or toxin.

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VaxiJen (tool)

RRID:SCR_018514

Web server for prediction of protective antigens, tumor antigens and subunit vaccines. Alignment free approach for antigen prediction, which is based on auto cross covariance transformation of protein sequences into uniform vectors of principal amino acid properties.

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GalaxyRefine (tool)

RRID:SCR_018531

Web server for protein structure prediction, refinement, and related methods. First rebuilds side chains and performs side-chain repacking and subsequent overall structure relaxation by molecular dynamics simulation.

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ProSA-web (tool)

RRID:SCR_018540

Web service is extension of classic ProSA program used for refinement and validation of experimental protein structures and in structure prediction and modeling.

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ANTIGENpro (tool)

RRID:SCR_018779

Web tool as sequence-based, alignment-free and pathogen-independent predictor of protein antigenicity.Predicts likelihood that protein is protective antigen. Integrated in SCRATCH suite of predictors.

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I-TASSER (tool)

RRID:SCR_018803

Web server as integrated platform for automated protein structure and function prediction. Used for protein 3D structure prediction. Resource for automated protein structure prediction and structure-based function annotation.

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I-TASSER (tool)

RRID:SCR_014627

Web server as integrated platform for automated protein structure and function prediction. Used for protein 3D structure prediction. Resource for automated protein structure prediction and structure-based function annotation.

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