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Acetohexamide
Description: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Acetohexamide is an intermediate-acting, first-generation oral sulfonylurea. It lowers blood sugar by stimulating the pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin and by helping the body use insulin efficiently. The pancreas must produce insulin for this medication to work. Acetohexamide has one-third the potency of chlorpropamide, and twice the potency of tolbutamide; however, similar hypoglycemic efficacy occurs with equipotent dosage of sulfonylureas. Mechanism of action: Sulfonylureas such as acetohexamide bind to an ATP-dependent K+ channel on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells. This inhibits a tonic, hyperpolarizing outflux of potassium, which causes the electric potential over the membrane to become more positive. This depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The rise in intracellular calcium leads to increased fusion of insulin granulae with the cell membrane, and therefore increased secretion of (pro)insulin. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Hypoglycemic Agents. Sulfonylureas
Preferred ID: CHEBI:28052 Type: term ID# ILX:0100236 Score: 0
Adalimumab
Description: Anti-TNF antibody, expressed in mammalian cell culture, 1330 residues, MW
Preferred ID: ILX:0100305 Type: term ID# ILX:0100305 Score: 0
Amantadine
Description: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Amantadine is an antiviral drug which also acts as an antiparkinson agent, for which it is usually combined with L-DOPA when L-DOPA responses decline (probably due to tolerance). It is a derivate of adamantane, like a similar drug rimantadine. The mechanism of action of amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions is not known. It has been shown to cause an increase in dopamine release in the animal brain, and does not possess anticholinergic activity. Mechanism of action: The mechanism of its antiparkinsonic effect is not fully understood, but it appears to be releasing dopamine from the nerve endings of the brain cells, together with stimulation of norepinephrine response. The antiviral mechanism seems to be unrelated. The drug interferes with a viral protein, M2 (an ion channel), which is needed for the viral particle to become "uncoated" once it is taken inside the cell by endocytosis. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic. Antiparkinson Agents. Antiviral Agents. Dopamine Agents
Preferred ID: CHEBI:2618 Type: term ID# ILX:0100526 Score: 0
Ambenonium
Description: Ambenonium is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the management of myasthenia gravis. (Wikipedia) Pharmacology: Ambenonium, similar to pyridostigmine and neostigmine, is used for the treatment of muscle weakness and fatigue in people with myasthenia gravis. It is postulated to exert its therapeutic effect by enhancing cholinergic function by inhibiting the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase. Increased levels of acetylcholine has peripheral effects, as acetylcholine is also used in the brain, where it tends to cause excitatory actions. The glands that receive impulses from the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system are also stimulated in the same way. This is why an increase in acetylcholine causes a decreased heart rate and increased production of saliva. Ambenonium is used less commonly than neostigmine or pyridostigmine but may be preferred in patients hypersensitive to the bromide ion. Ambenonium produces fewer muscarinic side effects than neostigmine, but more than pyridostigmine. Mechanism of action: Ambenonium exerts its actions against myasthenia gravis by competitive, reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The disease myasthenia gravis occurs when the body inappropriately produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, and thus inhibits proper acetylcholine signal transmission (when acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptors of striated muscle fibers, it stimulates those fibers to contract). Ambenonium reversibly binds acetylcholinesterase, and as acetylcholinesterase is responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, this inhibition increases levels of acetylcholine. In turn this facilitates transmission of impulses across the myoneural junction and effectively treats the disease. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antiarrhythmic Agents. Antimyasthenics
Preferred ID: ILX:0100527 Type: term ID# ILX:0100527 Score: 0
Amlexanox
Description: Amlexanox is an antiallergic drug, clinically effective for atopic diseases, especially allergic asthma and rhinitis. Amlexanox as a topical paste is a well tolerated treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers. Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) is the most prevalent oral mucosal disease in humans, estimated to affect between 5% and 50% of the general population. Pharmacology: Amlexanox is a mucoadhesive oral paste which has been clinically proven to abort the onset, accelerate healing and resolve the pain of aphthous ulcers (canker sores). It decreases the time ulcers take to heal. Because amlexanox decreases the healing time, it also decreases the pain you feel. Recent studies have also shown that the majority of ulcers can be prevented by application of the paste during the prodromal (pre-ulcerative) phase of the disease. Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers (RAU) also known as Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is recognized as the most common oral mucosal disease known to man. Estimates suggest that 20% - 25% of the general population suffer at least one incidence of aphthous ulcers each year. Mechanism of action: As a benzopyrano-bipyridine carboxylic acid derivative, amlexanox has anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties. It inhibits chemical mediatory release of the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and may have antagonistic effects on interleukin-3. Drug type: Approved. Investigational. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-Allergic Agents. Anti-inflammatory, Locally Applied. Antiulcer agent (topical)
Preferred ID: ILX:0100548 Type: term ID# ILX:0100548 Score: 0
Amlodipine
Description: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Amlodipine, a calcium-channel blocker, is used alone or with benazepril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, to treat hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris, and Prinzmetal's variant angina. Amlodipine is similar to the peripheral vasodilator nifedipine and other members of the dihydropyridine class. Mechanism of action: Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocking agent. It inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes. The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload. Another possible mechanism is that amlodipine inhibits vascular smooth muscle carbonic anhydrase I activity with consecutive pH increase which may be involved in intracelluar calcium influx through calcium channels. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antianginals. Antihypertensive Agents. Calcium Channel Blockers. Vasodilator Agents
Preferred ID: ILX:0100549 Type: term ID# ILX:0100549 Score: 0
Alpha1B receptor
Description: Alpha adrenergic receptor with a lower affinity for WB-4101.
Preferred ID: NIFEXT:7143 Type: term ID# ILX:0100504 Score: 0
Alpha1D receptor
Description: Alpha adrenergic receptor that is found in the rat aorta, and is genetically different from the other alpha1 receptors.
Preferred ID: NIFEXT:7241 Type: term ID# ILX:0100505 Score: 0
Alpha1A receptor
Description: Adrenergic receptor with high affinity binding to WB-4101.
Preferred ID: NIFEXT:7251 Type: term ID# ILX:0100503 Score: 0
Alteplase
Description: Human tissue plasminogen activator, purified, glycosylated, 527 residues purified from CHO cells Pharmacology: Activase binds to fibrin in a thrombus and converts the entrapped plasminogen to plasmin. It also produces limited conversion of plasminogen in the absence of fibrin. Mechanism of action: Cleaves the Arg-Val bond in plasminogen to produce active plasmin. Drug type: Approved. Biotech. Drug category: Thrombolytic Agents
Preferred ID: ILX:0100514 Type: term ID# ILX:0100514 Score: 0
Antihemophilic Factor
Description: Human recombinant antihemophilic factor (AHF) or Factor VIII, 2332 residues, glycosylated, produced by CHO cells Pharmacology: Antihemophilic Factor binds factor IXa along with calcium and phospholipid, This complex converts factor X to factor Xa to facilitate clotting cascade. Mechanism of action: Antihemophilic factor (AHF) is a protein found in normal plasma which is necessary for clot formation. The administration of AHF provides an increase in plasma levels of AHF and can temporarily correct the coagulation defect of patients with hemophilia A (classical hemophilia). Drug type: Approved. Biotech. Investigational. Drug category: Coagulants. Thrombotic Agents
Preferred ID: ILX:0100793 Type: term ID# ILX:0100793 Score: 0
Aroclor 1242
Description: Organic Compound;Coolant;Plasticizer;Polychlorinated Biphenyl;Aromatic Hydrocarbon;Organochloride; Aroclor 1242 is a commercial mixture of PCBs with an average chlorine content of 41.5%. It is composed of mono- to hexachlorinated homologs.
Preferred ID: ILX:0100903 Type: term ID# ILX:0100903 Score: 0
Aquaporin 4
Description:
Preferred ID: SAO:1548226791 Type: term ID# ILX:0100868 Score: 0
ArcLight
Description:
Preferred ID: NLX:152495 Type: term ID# ILX:0100876 Score: 0
Brompheniramine
Description: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Brompheniramine is an antihistaminergic medication of the propylamine class. It is a first-generation antihistamine. In allergic reactions an allergen interacts with and cross-links surface IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils. Once the mast cell-antibody-antigen complex is formed, a complex series of events occurs that eventually leads to cell-degranulation and the release of histamine (and other chemical mediators) from the mast cell or basophil. Once released, histamine can react with local or widespread tissues through histamine receptors. Histamine, acting on H1-receptors, produces pruritis, vasodilatation, hypotension, flushing, headache, tachycardia, and bronchoconstriction. Histamine also increases vascular permeability and potentiates pain. Brompheniramine is a histamine H1 antagonist (or more correctly, an inverse histamine agonist) of the alkylamine class. It provides effective, temporary relief of sneezing, watery and itchy eyes, and runny nose due to hay fever and other upper respiratory allergies. Mechanism of action: Brompheniramine works by acting as an antagonist of the H1 histamine receptors. It also functions as a moderately effective anticholingeric agent, likely an antimuscarinic agent similar to other common antihistamines such as diphenhydramine. Its effects on the cholinergic system may include side-effects such as drowsiness, sedation, dry mouth, dry throat, blurred vision, and increased heart rate. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-Allergic Agents. Histamine H1 Antagonists
Preferred ID: ILX:0101476 Type: term ID# ILX:0101476 Score: 0
Bradykinin receptor
Description:
Preferred ID: NIFEXT:6951 Type: term ID# ILX:0101429 Score: 0
Cisatracurium Besylate
Description: Cisatracurium Besylate is a nondepolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant for intravenous administration. Cisatracurium Besylate acts on cholinergic receptors, blocking neuromuscular transmission. This action is antagonized by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine. The neuromuscular block produced by cisatracurium besylate is readily antagonized by anticholinesterase agents once recovery has started. As with other nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, the more profound the neuromuscular block at the time of reversal, the longer the time required for recovery of neuromuscular function. Compared to other neuromuscular blocking agents, it is intermediate in its onset and duration of action. Pharmacology: Cisatracurium Besylate is a nondepolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant for intravenous administration. Cisatracurium Besylate acts on cholinergic receptors, blocking neuromuscular transmission. This action is antagonized by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine. The neuromuscular block produced by cisatracurium besylate is readily antagonized by anticholinesterase agents once recovery has started. As with other nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, the more profound the neuromuscular block at the time of reversal, the longer the time required for recovery of neuromuscular function. Compared to other neuromuscular blocking agents, it is intermediate in its onset and duration of action. Mechanism of action: Cisatracurium Besylate binds to the nicotinic acetycholine (cholinergic) receptors in the motor endplate and blocks access to the receptors. In the process of binding, the receptor is actually activated - causing a process known as depolarization. Since it is not degraded in the neuromuscular junction, the depolarized membrane remains depolarized and unresponsive to any other impulse, causing muscle paralysis. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Preferred ID: ILX:0102199 Type: term ID# ILX:0102199 Score: 0
Clarithromycin
Description: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic similar to erythromycin and azithromycin, is effective against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and is used for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease, community-acquired pneumonia, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis. Clarithromycin is also used to treat respiratory tract, sexually transmitted, otitis media, and AIDS-related infections. Mechanism of action: Clarithromycin is first metabolized to 14-OH clarithromycin. Like other macrolides, it then binds to the 50 S subunit of the 70 S ribosome of the bacteria, blocking RNA-mediated bacterial protein synthesis. Clarithromycin also inhibits the hepatic microsomal CYP3A4 isoenzyme and P-glycoprotein, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-Bacterial Agents. Macrolides. Other Macrolides. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Preferred ID: ILX:0102209 Type: term ID# ILX:0102209 Score: 0
Clathrin
Description: Major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles (EMBL-EBI).
Preferred ID: SAO:5277619 Type: term ID# ILX:0102225 Score: 0
Connexin 32
Description:
Preferred ID: SAO:376700953 Type: term ID# ILX:0102488 Score: 0
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