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Accessory nucleus
Description: Nucleus in the cervical spinal cord containing motor neurons that innervate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles in the human via nerve fibers that travel through the 11th cranial nerve (Heimer, The human brain and spinal cord, 2nd ed, 1995, pg 260)
Preferred ID: MESH:M0593051 Type: term ID# ILX:0100216 Score: 0
Nucleus raphe magnus
Description: The nucleus raphe magnus, located directly rostral to the raphe obscurus, is afferently stimulated from axons in the spinal cord and cerebellum. This makes the magnus a likely candidate for part of the motor system; however, it seems to participate in the endogenous analgesia system. The magnus receives descending afferents from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, parvocellular reticular nucleus and the prelimbic, infralimbic, medial and lateral precentral cortices . All of these brain areas influence the main function of the raphe magnus. The main function of the magnus is mostly pain mediation; in fact it sends projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to directly inhibit pain. The periaquiductal gray, the epicenter of analgesia, sends efferent connections to the nucleus raphe magnus in when it is stimulated by opiates (endogenous or otherwise). Electrical stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia, as well as administration of morphine to the PAG or n.r. magnus. The antinociceptic effects of electrical stimulation of the PAG can be blocked by administering naloxone, an opiate antagonist, to the n.r. magnus. All of this seems to indicate that the magnus is part of the endogenous opiate system, and acts to inhibit pain in the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted].
Preferred ID: MESH:M0591381 Type: term ID# ILX:0107791 Score: 0
Nucleus raphe obscurus
Description: The raphe obscurus projects to the cerebellar lobes VI and VII and to crus II along with the nucleus raphe pontis . This so called obscure nucleus has also been implicated in the modulation of the hypoglossal nerve. It has been observed that the ablation of this nucleus causes a change in the firing pattern in the XII nerve . In addition, the raphe obscurus mediates expiration via the inhibitory effect of serotonin and depresses periodic synaptic potentials . It has also been shown that this nucleus stimulates gastrointestinal motor function; microinjections of 5-HT into the n.r. obscurus increase gastric movement . [WP,unvetted].
Preferred ID: MESH:M0591393 Type: term ID# ILX:0107793 Score: 0
Dog
Description: A mammal of the carnivora order and genus canis.
Preferred ID: NCBITaxon:9615 Type: term ID# ILX:0103377 Score: 0
11-dehydro-thromboxane B2
Description:
Preferred ID: NIFEXT:5182 Type: term ID# ILX:0100005 Score: 0
Acetohexamide
Description: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Acetohexamide is an intermediate-acting, first-generation oral sulfonylurea. It lowers blood sugar by stimulating the pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin and by helping the body use insulin efficiently. The pancreas must produce insulin for this medication to work. Acetohexamide has one-third the potency of chlorpropamide, and twice the potency of tolbutamide; however, similar hypoglycemic efficacy occurs with equipotent dosage of sulfonylureas. Mechanism of action: Sulfonylureas such as acetohexamide bind to an ATP-dependent K+ channel on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells. This inhibits a tonic, hyperpolarizing outflux of potassium, which causes the electric potential over the membrane to become more positive. This depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The rise in intracellular calcium leads to increased fusion of insulin granulae with the cell membrane, and therefore increased secretion of (pro)insulin. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Hypoglycemic Agents. Sulfonylureas
Preferred ID: CHEBI:28052 Type: term ID# ILX:0100236 Score: 0
Accumbens nucleus core nucleus neuron
Description:
Preferred ID: NLX:151892 Type: term ID# ILX:0100224 Score: 0
Accessory olfactory bulb glomerular layer of ABA 2009
Description:
Preferred ID: NLX:153574 Type: term ID# ILX:0100218 Score: 0
Accessory facial nucleus of PHT00
Description:
Preferred ID: ILX:0100213 Type: term ID# ILX:0100213 Score: 0
Acetate
Description:
Preferred ID: NIFEXT:5232 Type: term ID# ILX:0100233 Score: 0
Adalimumab
Description: Anti-TNF antibody, expressed in mammalian cell culture, 1330 residues, MW
Preferred ID: ILX:0100305 Type: term ID# ILX:0100305 Score: 0
Amacrine neuron
Description: A neuron characterized by amacrine extensions. Discovered first by Herophilus (335-263 BC) in the retina. Considered initially without axon, now they are commonly found in nerve nets, where they may have an axon and/or dendrite.Adapted from Swanson, 2013.
Preferred ID: NLX:158403 Type: term ID# ILX:0100525 Score: 0
Amantadine
Description: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Amantadine is an antiviral drug which also acts as an antiparkinson agent, for which it is usually combined with L-DOPA when L-DOPA responses decline (probably due to tolerance). It is a derivate of adamantane, like a similar drug rimantadine. The mechanism of action of amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions is not known. It has been shown to cause an increase in dopamine release in the animal brain, and does not possess anticholinergic activity. Mechanism of action: The mechanism of its antiparkinsonic effect is not fully understood, but it appears to be releasing dopamine from the nerve endings of the brain cells, together with stimulation of norepinephrine response. The antiviral mechanism seems to be unrelated. The drug interferes with a viral protein, M2 (an ion channel), which is needed for the viral particle to become "uncoated" once it is taken inside the cell by endocytosis. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic. Antiparkinson Agents. Antiviral Agents. Dopamine Agents
Preferred ID: CHEBI:2618 Type: term ID# ILX:0100526 Score: 0
Ambenonium
Description: Ambenonium is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the management of myasthenia gravis. (Wikipedia) Pharmacology: Ambenonium, similar to pyridostigmine and neostigmine, is used for the treatment of muscle weakness and fatigue in people with myasthenia gravis. It is postulated to exert its therapeutic effect by enhancing cholinergic function by inhibiting the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase. Increased levels of acetylcholine has peripheral effects, as acetylcholine is also used in the brain, where it tends to cause excitatory actions. The glands that receive impulses from the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system are also stimulated in the same way. This is why an increase in acetylcholine causes a decreased heart rate and increased production of saliva. Ambenonium is used less commonly than neostigmine or pyridostigmine but may be preferred in patients hypersensitive to the bromide ion. Ambenonium produces fewer muscarinic side effects than neostigmine, but more than pyridostigmine. Mechanism of action: Ambenonium exerts its actions against myasthenia gravis by competitive, reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The disease myasthenia gravis occurs when the body inappropriately produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, and thus inhibits proper acetylcholine signal transmission (when acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptors of striated muscle fibers, it stimulates those fibers to contract). Ambenonium reversibly binds acetylcholinesterase, and as acetylcholinesterase is responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, this inhibition increases levels of acetylcholine. In turn this facilitates transmission of impulses across the myoneural junction and effectively treats the disease. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antiarrhythmic Agents. Antimyasthenics
Preferred ID: ILX:0100527 Type: term ID# ILX:0100527 Score: 0
Amlexanox
Description: Amlexanox is an antiallergic drug, clinically effective for atopic diseases, especially allergic asthma and rhinitis. Amlexanox as a topical paste is a well tolerated treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers. Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) is the most prevalent oral mucosal disease in humans, estimated to affect between 5% and 50% of the general population. Pharmacology: Amlexanox is a mucoadhesive oral paste which has been clinically proven to abort the onset, accelerate healing and resolve the pain of aphthous ulcers (canker sores). It decreases the time ulcers take to heal. Because amlexanox decreases the healing time, it also decreases the pain you feel. Recent studies have also shown that the majority of ulcers can be prevented by application of the paste during the prodromal (pre-ulcerative) phase of the disease. Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers (RAU) also known as Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is recognized as the most common oral mucosal disease known to man. Estimates suggest that 20% - 25% of the general population suffer at least one incidence of aphthous ulcers each year. Mechanism of action: As a benzopyrano-bipyridine carboxylic acid derivative, amlexanox has anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties. It inhibits chemical mediatory release of the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and may have antagonistic effects on interleukin-3. Drug type: Approved. Investigational. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-Allergic Agents. Anti-inflammatory, Locally Applied. Antiulcer agent (topical)
Preferred ID: ILX:0100548 Type: term ID# ILX:0100548 Score: 0
Amlodipine
Description: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Amlodipine, a calcium-channel blocker, is used alone or with benazepril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, to treat hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris, and Prinzmetal's variant angina. Amlodipine is similar to the peripheral vasodilator nifedipine and other members of the dihydropyridine class. Mechanism of action: Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocking agent. It inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes. The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload. Another possible mechanism is that amlodipine inhibits vascular smooth muscle carbonic anhydrase I activity with consecutive pH increase which may be involved in intracelluar calcium influx through calcium channels. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antianginals. Antihypertensive Agents. Calcium Channel Blockers. Vasodilator Agents
Preferred ID: ILX:0100549 Type: term ID# ILX:0100549 Score: 0
Alpha1B receptor
Description: Alpha adrenergic receptor with a lower affinity for WB-4101.
Preferred ID: NIFEXT:7143 Type: term ID# ILX:0100504 Score: 0
Alpha1D receptor
Description: Alpha adrenergic receptor that is found in the rat aorta, and is genetically different from the other alpha1 receptors.
Preferred ID: NIFEXT:7241 Type: term ID# ILX:0100505 Score: 0
Alpha1A receptor
Description: Adrenergic receptor with high affinity binding to WB-4101.
Preferred ID: NIFEXT:7251 Type: term ID# ILX:0100503 Score: 0
Alteplase
Description: Human tissue plasminogen activator, purified, glycosylated, 527 residues purified from CHO cells Pharmacology: Activase binds to fibrin in a thrombus and converts the entrapped plasminogen to plasmin. It also produces limited conversion of plasminogen in the absence of fibrin. Mechanism of action: Cleaves the Arg-Val bond in plasminogen to produce active plasmin. Drug type: Approved. Biotech. Drug category: Thrombolytic Agents
Preferred ID: ILX:0100514 Type: term ID# ILX:0100514 Score: 0
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